Kathakali -A Classical Dance form of Kerala (2024)

Intro

Kathakaliis one of themajor forms ofclassicalIndian dance.It is a 'story play'genre of art, butone distinguished by the elaborately colorful make-up, costumes and facemasksthat the traditionally male actor-dancers wear.Kathakali primarilydeveloped as a Hindu performance art in theMalayalam-speaking southwestern region ofIndia (Kerala).

Kathakali'sroots are unclear. The fully developed style of Kathakali originated around the17th century, but its roots are in the temple and folk arts (such asKutiyattamand religious drama ofthe southwestern Indian peninsula), which are traceable to at least the 1stmillenniumCE.A Kathakaliperformance, like all classical dance arts of India, synthesizes music, vocalperformers, choreography and hand and facial gestures together to expressideas. However, Kathakali differs in that it also incorporates movements fromancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of SouthIndia.Kathakali also differs in that the structure and details of its artform developed in the courts and theatres of Hindu principalities, unlike otherclassical Indian dances which primarily developed inHindu templesand monastic schools.

Thetraditional themes of the Kathakali are folk mythologies, religious legends andspiritual ideas from the Hindu epics and thePuranas.Thevocal performance has traditionally been performed in Sanskritised Malayalam.Inmodern compositions, Indian Kathakali troupes have included women artistsaswell as adapted Western stories and plays such as those by Shakespeare and fromChristianity.

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Kathakali Artists from Meetkalakar

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Costume

Costumes

Of all classical Indian dances, Kathakali has the most elaborate costuming consisting of head dresses, face masks and vividly painted faces.It typically takes several hours to prepare a Kathakali troupe to get ready for a play. Costumes have made Kathakali's popularity extend beyond adults, with children absorbed by the colors, makeup, light and sound of the performance.

The makeup follows an accepted code, that helps the audience easily identify the archetypical characters such as gods, goddesses, demons, demonesses, saints, animals and characters of a story. Seven basic makeup types are used in Kathakali, NamelyPachcha(green),Pazhuppu(ripe),Kathi(knife),Kari,Thaadi,MinukkuandTeppu.These vary with the styles and the predominant colours made from rice paste and vegetable colors that are applied on the face.Pachcha (green) with lips painted brilliant coral red portrays noble characters and sages such as Krishna,Vishnu, Rama, Shiva, Surya, Yudhishthira, Arjun, Nalaand philosopher-kings.

Tati(red) is the code for someone with an evil streak such asRavana,DushasanaandHiranyakashipu. Some characters have green face (representing heroic or excellences as a warrior) with red dots or lines on their cheeks or red colored mustache or red streaked beard (representing evil inner nature), while others have full face and beard colored red, the latter implying excessively evil characters.Kari (black) is the code for forest dwellers, hunters, and middle ground character. Demonesses and treacherous characters are also painted black but with streaks or patches of red.

Yellow is the code for monks, mendicants and women.Minukka(radiant, shining) with a warm yellow, orange or saffron typifies noble, virtuous feminine characters such as Sita, Panchali and Mohini.Men who act the roles of women also add a false top knot to their left and decorate it in a style common to the region.Vella Thadi (white beard) represents a divine being, someone with virtuous inner state and consciousness such asHanuman.Teppuare for special characters found in Hindu mythologies, such as Garuda, Jatayu and Hamsawho act as messengers or carriers, but do not fit the other categories.Face masks and head gear is added to accentuate the inner nature of the characters. The garments colors have a similar community accepted code of silent communication.

The character types, states Zarrilli, reflect the Guna theory of personalities in the ancient Samkhyaschool ofHindu philosophy.There are three Gu?as, according to this philosophy, that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world.These threeGu?asare sattva(goodness, constructive, harmonious, virtuous),rajas(passion, aimless action, dynamic, egoistic), and tamas(darkness, destructive, chaotic, viciousness). All of these threegunas(good, evil, active) are present in everyone and everything, it is the proportion that is different, according to Hindu worldview.The interplay of thesegunasdefines the character of someone or something,and the costumes and face coloring in Kathakali often combines the various color codes to give complexity and depth to the actor-dancers.

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Instruments used in Kathakali Performance

The play is in the form of verses that are metered and lyrical, sung by vocalists whose voice has been trained to various melodies (raga), music and synchronized with the dance-acting on the stage.^]The vocalists not only deliver the lines, but help set the context and express the inner state of the character by modulating their voice. For example, anger is expressed by the use of sharp high voice and pleading is expressed by the use of a tired tone.

Music is central to a Kathakali performance. It sets the mood and triggers emotions resonant with the nature of the scene.It also sets the rhythm to which the actor-dancers perform the choreography and scenes. Some major musical patterns, according to Clifford and Betty, that go with the moods and content of the scene are:Cempata(most common and default that applies to a range of moods, in battles and fights between good and evil, also to conclude a scene);Campamusic (depict tension, dispute, disagreement between lovers or competing ideas);Pancari(for odious, preparatory such as sharpening a sword);Triputa(thought provoking, scenes involving sages and teachers);Atanta(scenes involving kings or divine beings);Muri Atantamusical style (for comic, light hearted, or fast moving scenes involving heroic or anger-driven activity).

Many musical instruments are used in Kathakali. Three major drums found areMaddalam(barrel shaped),Centa(cylindrical drum played with curved sticks) andItaykka(Idakka, hourglass shaped drum with muted and melodious notes played when female characters perform).

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